Twenty Two types of Defeat in a Debate – Tarkasastra

Again from the same book, A History of Indian Logic: Ancient, Mediaeval and Modern Schools by Satish Chandra Vidyabhusana. Tarka Sastra by Vasubandhu (it’s Chinese translation came in 550 AD making this book much older than that) lists out 22 different types of defeat in a discussion –

1. Hurting the Proposition Pratijna Hani
2. Shifting the Proposition Pratijnaantara
3. Opposing the Proposition Pratijna virodha
4. Renouncing the Proposition Pratijna sanyasa
5. Shifting the Reason Hetvantara
6. Shifting the Topic Arthantara
7. The Meaningless Nirarthaka
8. The Unintelligible Avijnanartha
9. The Incoherent Apaarthaka
10. The Inopportune Apraptakala
11. Saying too little Nyunata
12. Saying too much Adhika
13. Repetition Punarukta
14. Silence Ananubhashana
15. Ignorance Ajnana
16. Non-ingenuity Apratibha
17. Evasion Vikshepa
18. Admission of an Opinion Matanujna
19. Overlooking the censurable Paryanuyojyopekshana
20. Censuring the non-censurable Niryanuyojyanuyoga
21. Deviating from a tenet Apasiddhanta
22. The Semblance of a reason or fallacy Hetvabhasa

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